Condensate | Treatment Plant

In the high velocity mixed bed treatment system, the regenerative cation and anion resin having high exchange capacity are mixed thoroughly with a certain proportion. Then they are put into the in extraneous regenerative high velocity mixed bed to carry on demineralization treatment.
The high-rate mixed bed system of this project has 2×50% treatment capacity. When one exchanger loses efficiency, it will open the 50% bypass automatically, and it will be put into operation again after it has being regenerated. When the pressure difference or water inlet temperature of the mixed bed main pipe is beyond the standard, the 100% bypass will be opened automatically.

For the condensate treatment of this project, one unit is allocated one set of high velocity system, and the resin extraneous regeneration system is communal. Every set of high velocity system is made up of 2 DN2200 extraneous regeneration high-velocity mixed beds and 2 recycle pumps. Resin extraneous regeneration system is mainly made up of resin separation equipment, resin regeneration equipment and electric heating water tank.
System operating mode:
There are two bypasses opened and closed automatically in condensate polishing system (beside regeneration bypass and super temperature super pressure bypass). The capacity of regeneration bypass is 50% of the condensing capacity, and the capacity of regeneration bypass and super temperature super pressure bypass is 100% of the condensate capacity.
When the water outlet conductivity or silica of the condensate polishing mixed bed is over the specified value, the equipment stop and step out, and the regeneration bypass is placed in operation.
When the water inlet temperature of condensate polishing is more than 55℃ or the pressure difference of mixed bed inlet and outlet is over 0.35MPa, all operation unit of the mixed bed stop, and the super temperature super pressure bypass is placed in operation.
The failure resin of stopped mixed bed is sent to regeneration system to be air scrubbing, to be separated, and to be regenerated. Send the regenerated standby resin inside the resin storage tank to high velocity mixed bed.
The startup of mixed bed, shutdown of mixed bed, resin transmission, resin regeneration of condensate polishing system can all be carried on automatically.

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System and Equipment | of Water Treatment

Image via WikipediaThe water source of power plants

Water is one of the most important natural resources which is covering about 3/4 surface of the earth. The natural water includes underground water and surface water. The underground water comes from the surface water which seeps underground. It has high hardness and stable quality hardly influenced by seasons and surroundings. Surface water includes water in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and seas.
Water in rivers and lakes comes from rain, it has lower hardness and salt content than underground water, it is not stable and easy influenced by seasons and surroundings. Water in lakes and reservoirs is similar with that in rivers, it has lower turbidity than that in rivers because of the lower flowing characters. But it is good for microorganism growing.
Water in sea has large quantity of dissolved salt, such as sodium chloride, because of the long time evaporation and concentration.

The classification of water in power plants
Water in power plant has different characters and functions, they can be classified as: raw water, make-up water, boiler water, condensate water, drain water, cooling water, saturated steam and superheated steam.
Main method of make-up water treatment
Natural water contains impurities that will lead to scale deposit, corrosion, salt deposits in the thermal system, and consequently threat the safety and economics of the power plant.

Make-up water treatment is one of the most important treatments in a power plant. Water with different impurities needs different treatment.
The organics, suspensions, colloid and part of the hardness can be eliminated by chlorination, coagulants and clarification. These methods are usually the first step of water treatment in power plants, we call it pretreatment. The dissolved solid can be eliminated by ion exchange, electrolysis, reverse osmosis and distillation. The dissolved gas can be eliminated by thermal method, such as deaerator, chemical method and gas-liquid exchange.
The Pretreatment of Make-up Water Filtration
When an electricity factory uses the tap water as the water resource, the pretreatment system is simple. It is like this flow: tap water cleaning water activated carbon filter cation exchanger anion exchanger mixing bed demineralized water tank main building.
Even with some clarifiers operating at optimum levels under anticipated conditions, additional solids-removal equipment is required downstream. It serves to reduce the remaining suspended solids, colloids and remnant chloride to the parts-per-billion level required for the boiler operation.
Filtration is a process of placing a pervious barrier across flowing water to remove suspensible matter. It can be accomplished simply through mechanical straining at the surface of the barrier or by removal throughout the depth of the medium.
Proper performance does not begin until a layer of silt and bacterial matter has developed in the top inch or so of sand. This unit then produces exceedingly clear water, but at a rate no faster than 0.008m/s is reached. The upper layer, where all the filtering action takes place, is then scraped off, washed externally, and restored to the bed.
There are many factors to have influence on the process, such as filter medium, filter speed, water head loss, flow uniformity and reverse-flow backwash.
Filter medium, such as active carbon, is the basic unit of filtration. Choose of the proper medium is important to running efficiently. The medium must have these characters: good stable chemical character, enough mechanical strength, proper and uniform size and proper medium layer height.
If the speed of filtration is too slow, the output is limited. On the contrary, it will lead bad outlet water quality, higher loss of water head and short operating cycle.
Water head loss is an important parameter to judge whether the filter is scraped off. When the water head loss reaches to a certain value the filter should be put into outage and cleaned by reverse-flow backwash.
There are two types filter used in power plants: gravity type, such as valveless filter, and pressure type.
The Demineralization Treatment of the Make-up water
The ion-exchange demineralization treatment is that the cation-exchange resin exchange the cation in water to H+, the anion-exchange resin exchange the anion to OHˉ,and the undissociated water molecules are the end product. By the way the ion exchangers are named not for what they are but rather for what they do. There are different demineralization treatment systems with strong and weak electrolyte ion to adapt different demands of water quality such as primary demineralization treatment system and secondary demineralization treatment system (mixing bed).
Primary demineralization treatment system
The individual cation-exchange resin bed is the ion-exchange unit which the water encounters first. The cations, such as sodium and calcium, are removed by exchange with hydrogen ions from the resin.
The individual anion-exchange resin bed is the second ion-exchange unit the water encounters. The anions, such as silicate and carbonate, are removed by exchange with hydroxylions from the resin.
The aerating tower is used for eliminating the dissoluble gas from water, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen.
To get high quality make-up water, the mixing bed is needed. The cation and anion resin are mixed thoroughly in one bed with a certain proportion. The exchange of both ions happens simultaneously, and the outcome ions interact to form undissociated water molecules. The mixing bed produces high quality water which electrical conductivity approaches ideal pure water.

Makeup water system and its devices in Phase II of Kuching Power Station
According to the quality of the water resource and the requirement of the steam and water by the unit, the flow of the makeup water system is:
Tap water→clarified water tank→clarified water pump→active carbon filter→cation exchanger→anion exchanger →mixed bed→demineralized water→demineralized water pump→main building
The technical process of the treatment system is the same as in Phase I.
In Phase I of Kuching Power Station there are two active carbon filters and two demineralized devices with output of 26m /h. An active carbon filter and a set of demineralized devices are added in Phase II, to satisfy the requirement of the makeup water quantity by 4 units in the station. The parameters of the new supply devices are the same as that in Phase I, its output is 26 m /h; the designed operation period of the cation-exchanger and anion-exchanger is 41 hours, the operation period of the mixing exchanger is 13 days; cation resin adopts 30% of hydrochloric acid regenerating, and anion resin adopts 50% of sodium hydroxide regenerating.
The extended water treatment system possesses 3 sets of devices with two sets operating and one as standby.
The devices supplied in Phase II are as follows:
An active carbon filter; a cation-exchanger; an anion-exchanger; a mixing bed
Two demineralized water tank with each capacity of 150 m

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Water Treatment | Plant

In the process plant, in addition to require coal as a fuel, it also requires a certain quality of water as boiler feed which in turn is converted into steam to drive turbine generators. For the purposes of water which will then be made specific to the power plant water treatment facilities. Content of salts are usually always there, Bicarbonate, HCO3; Chloride, Cl; Sulfate, SO4: NO3 nitrate of calcium, Ca; magnesium, Mg, and sodium, Na. There is also an iron, Fe; Manganese, Mn and aluminum, Al.

To get water that meets the requirements for steam boilers (boiler) in a Steam Power Plant (power plant) is required Water Treatment. There are two ways of processing, namely;
• Processing is carried out Boiler (external treatment).
• Processing in the Boiler (internal treatment).

REVERSE OSMOSIS Picture

Distillation Method
In this method the modified salt water into fresh water. The principle is very simple: by heating the sea water and steam in the chill returned. To make fresh water from sea water in large quantities. Sea water is introduced into the vessel and heated by steam through the steam pipe. Hot steam is passed through a boiling sea water pipe. Because of this heat effect of sea water began to evaporate. Sea water vapor put into the second vessel is equipped with cooling water installations. Heat absorbed by water vapor condenses to form salt and raw water. This process will occur on a problem that is the formation of crust on the surface of the metal (pipe). The crust is hard and difficult to remove and also a poor conductor of PNAS. To overcome this metal surfaces coated with Teflon.

Demineralization way
Of salt water can also be eliminated by using the ion. Ion exchange unit is equipped with sand filters. Penukat ion exchanger consists of cation and anion exchangers. Cation exchanger that takes the positive ions from the water and the anion exchanger to take the negative ion of water. This exchanger is a resin material which can be activated in an already saturated after regenerated. Cation exchanger regenerated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is an anion exchanger is regenerated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

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Iran defiant | as U.N. nuclear | talks fail

United States criticized Iran for failing the mission of the latest International Atomic Energy Agency, saying Tehran was again demonstrated refusal to comply with international obligations on its nuclear program.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) admitted its failure to investigate Iran's efforts to develop nuclear weapons. This statement came out shortly after Iran said it would conduct preemptive attacks against those who threaten its interests.

Failure of two-day visit by the IAEA could hinder any resumption of nuclear talks between Iran wider and six world powers - the United States, China, Russia, Britain, France and Germany - as a growing sense that Tehran feels it is cornered.
Iran rejects accusations that its nuclear program is a covert attempt to develop nuclear weapons capability, saying it was trying to produce electricity only. But last November, the IAEA said Iran bahwaw information they have run a series of test "relevant to the development of a nuclear explosive devices".

The collapse of the nuclear talks came as Iran seems increasingly isolated, with some experts see the Islamic republic mounting dissent in response to sanctions against the oil industry and financial institutions as proof that it was in no mood to compromise with the West.

In Jerusalem, Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman rejected an appeal by the world powers to avoid pre-emptive attack against Iran's nuclear program. IAEA mission failure can increase the likelihood of an attack by Israel against Iran, some analysts say.

Evaluation of the IAEA inspection team for their visit Iran's nuclear program may be released later in February.

This makes the U.S. and the EU to tighten sanctions against Iran, including a policy to stop the import of crude oil from Iran.

This strain also led to speculation that Israel might conduct a military attack on Iran's nuclear facilities.

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Potential Biodiesel

Advantages Biodiesel Use

1. Generated from renewable energy resources and the availability of raw materials is assured

2. High cetane number (number that indicates whether or not the measure of the quality of diesel fuel based on the nature of the speed of the engine combustion chamber)

3. High viscosity so as to have better lubrication properties than diesel fuel thereby extending the life of the machine

4. Can be produced locally

5. Has a low sulfur content

6. Lower levels of smoke opasiti

7. Lowering exhaust emissions

8. Blending biodiesel with petroleum diesel to improve biodegradibility petroleum diesel to 500%
Biodiesel Raw Materials
Biodiesel is a diesel motor fuel in the form of ester alkyl / alkyl fatty acids (usually methyl ester) are made from vegetable oils or trans-esterification process. stilah biodiesel fuel is identical to the pure. Biodiesel blend (BXX) is as much as XX `% biodiesel mixed with diesel fuel number 1-XX%
Background The need for Biodiesel in Indonesia:

Diesel fuel in the form of methyl ester / ethyl fatty acids. Made from vegetable oils-fats with the metanolisis / etanolisis. -Too products: glycerin. Or from fatty acids (free) by the esterifi-cation with methanol / ethanol. -Too products: water Compatible with diesel fuel, lubricating helpless better. Yield of sulfur is almost nil, generally <15 ppm. BXX = camp. XX-vol% biodiesel with (100 - XX)-vol% diesel. Example: B5, B20, B100. Was effective to improve the quality of diesel vehicle emissions in the B2 level!. Vegetable oil as the main source of biodiesel can be satisfied by a wide variety of plant species dependent on primary resource that is widely available at a place / country. Indonesia has many resources for biodiesel feedstock. Biodiesel fuel is a clean burning alternative fuel That comes from 100% renewable resources. Many people believe That biodiesel is the fuel of the future. Sometimes it is also known as biofuels. Biodiesel does not contain petroleum, petroleum but can be mixed to Produce a blend of biodiesel (eg B20, B50) That can be used in many different vehicles. Pure biodiesel fuel (ie. B100) though, can only be used in diesel engines. Biodiesel is biodegradable and non-toxic, making it so safe That it is even safer than the commonly used table salt! Biodiesel is not alternative fuels like vegetable oil. Biodiesel can be used in its unaltered form in diesel engines. Vegetable oil fuels must be modified and used only in combustion-ignition engines. This makes biodiesel one of the easiest alternative fuels to use. In fact, it is a great option for use on farms in farm equipment. Biodiesel fuel is made through a process called transesterification. This process involves removing the glycerin from the vegetable oil or fat. During the process byproducts are left behind, Including methyl esters and glycerin. Biodiesel is free from Such substances as sulfur and aromatics the which are found in traditional fuels. Compared to other alternative fuels, biodiesel has a number of unique features and qualities. It has passed all the health effects testing requirements, unlike other alternative fuels. This means it meets the standards of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. | The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has legally allow biodiesel to be sold and distributed commercially. The rest of the alternative fuels can not be sold commercially as motor fuel Because They do not meet the EPA's fuel specifications. That I believe the biggest feature about biodiesel fuel is that? Is it environmentally-friendly, the which is not found in many traditional fuels. Biodiesel is made from renewable resources, the which means it is safe for the environment. It does not Produce the high emissions like traditional fuels. Biodiesel does not cause harmful effects to the environment That Will Produce positive effects on our future generations. Biodiesel is also good for the economy Because unlike traditional fuels, the resources to the make biodiesel come form within the United States. It is made with products grown in the USA without having to involve politics with other countries. The country can less dependent upon foreign Become countries for fuel supplies and the money goes right back into the U.S. economy. Biodiesel is an innovative fuel FuelBiodiesel That Is Becoming more rapidly available to the general public. It can be found around the country in select places or it can be bought directly from producers. It costs a little more than traditional fuels at the current time Because the demand is not as great. However, as demand Grows and the public realizes the benefits of a biodegradable, renewable fuel source, the price will drop. You can see That the price has already started to drop since it's launched at Their first Biodiesel station. Right now, though, the cheapest way to get biodiesel fuel is to make it at home yourself using a Biodiesel Equipment. Biodiesel equipment can be expensive, I must agree. However, in the long-run, you can actually save a lot of money when you Produce Biodiesel a good blend for your car. Make biodiesel

When the oil used to fry the event of oxidation, hydrolysis of the oil molecules break down into acids. This process is getting bigger with the high heating and a long time during the frying of food. The presence of free fatty acids in cooking oil is not good for health. FFA can also be ester when reacted with methanol, while if it reacts with the soda will mebentuk soap. The product must be purified from biodiesel byproduct, glycerin, soap and soda residual methanol. The rest are on the soda can henghidrolisa biodiesel and biodiesel break into FFA are then dissolved in biodiesel itself. FFA content in biodiesel is not good because it can clog the filter or strainer with sediment and become corrosive to metals diesel engines.

On a small scale can be done with 1 liter of cooking oil materials are new or used. Methanol as much as 200 ml or 0.2 liter. Caustic soda or NaOH to 3.5 grams of clean cooking oil, used oil if needed 4.5 grams, or maybe more. This excess is required to neutralize the free fatty acids or FFA is a great deal on used cooking oil. Can also use KOH but it has cost more and required 1.4 times more than soda. The manufacturing process; Soda dissolved in methanol fire and then fed into the heated oil about 55 ° C, stirred rapidly for 15-20 minutes and then left in the cold overnight. Biodiesel will be obtained at the top with a clear yellowish color and a little lower part of the FFA mixture of soap, the rest of the unreacted methanol and glyserin approximately 79 ml. Biodiesel is a yellowish liquid at the top separated easily by pouring and remove the bottom of the liquid. For large-scale bottom product can be purified to obtain a high-priced glycerin, also soap and residual unreacted methanol.

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Radioactive nuclear waste

Radioactive wastes are waste types containing or contaminated with radionuclides at concentrations or activities that exceed the allowable limits (clearance level) established by the Agency for Nuclear Energy. The definitions used in legislation

Understanding others radioactive waste defined as radioactive substances that are no longer applicable, and / or materials and equipment or be exposed to radioactive substances are not radioactive and can be enabled / used. Materials or equipment or be exposed to radioactive likely due to the operation of nuclear installations or installations that utilize ionizing radiation.

Broadly speaking, nuclear waste is divided into two categories, Low Level Waste and Intermediete (LILW) and High Level Waste (HLW). LILW is the nuclear waste in the form of gloves, shoe covers and clothing of workers at nuclear power plants as well as the maintenance of machine tools and the like. Treatment programs so how do LILW stored in temporary storage before being didispose permanently. While generally HLW-treated with 2 methods, dry and wet storages. As the name implies, in wet storage, nuclear waste from reactor-treated in water for 3-5 years to reduce the cooling plus heat from radioactive decays. After passing through that process, the nuclear waste container is inserted into the specially designed so that it can securely store, especially the use of corrosion resistant materials and radiation. While dry storage, nuclear waste is directly inserted into a specially designed container without water as a coolant. Usually stored up to 6 years in the container. Containers can dry storages shaped metal casks, concrete silos, and storage vaults.

More than 90% of the world's nuclear waste currently-treated through a process of wet storage. Generally, the temporary storage of nuclear waste at the nuclear plant itself, so it does not need to be transported through the transport distance. Not random people can come into this facility, because of course the controls are very tight. NPP managers are required to provide periodic reports on the passage of nuclear waste to the local regulatory bodies and also the IAEA.

Treatment can then use a geological repository system, or use a transmutation techniques that today more and more research in the field, such as fast reactors and ADS are predicted to exist several decades to come.
Researchers discover microbes that clean and neutralize nuclear waste and other toxic metal power produced by the microbes themselves.

Researchers from Michigan State University (MSU), said this process could be improved and ultimately benefit the affected sites of nuclear contamination.

The ability of Geobacter microbes are the crippling uranium has been well documented, but the way they do the job right is still a mystery to this day when the researchers claim to find it.

Researchers claim to find nano conductive pili or cables that contribute to the neutralizing ability of these microbes through electrical activity.

"Our findings clearly show, nano wires into the main catalyst of this microbial reduction of uranium," said microbiologist Gemma Reguera from MSU.

This part is very important in performing electroplating with the electric version of the natural uranium, radioactive materials and prevent crippling contaminate ground water, he added.

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Potential Gas Turbine

The efficiency of gas turbines are often planes, helicopters and small, are used for power generation purposes. There are several advantages because it uses a gas turbine.
Electricity generated from gas turbines, 4 or 2 - stroke engine with a motorcycle, is higher than the same weight. Medium containing an equal weight of the gas turbine power, and transportation as mentioned above will no longer widely used and produced by the gas turbine.


How it works Gas Turbine

The major components of gas turbines, there are three. High pressure air compressor to create. Combustion chamber and the combustion air pressure and high-speed serves in a part of the production. Turbine from the high pressure air in the combustion chamber was a function of mechanical motion.
Combustion chamber. The chemical composition of the three elements of air and fuel burning fire. A hydrocarbon fuel is used in gas turbines. From the high pressure air compressor into the combustion chamber, fuel injectors and combustion air pressure is sprayed in production, leading to a higher speed. Turbine used to generate electricity. The existing gas turbine, called a modified turbo. The format is similar to the gas turbine. Turbo - The fan in front of a fan compressor (fan) is.

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